Which items are included among ERA risk categories?

• A. Weather, soil type, construction speed
• B. Noise level, odor, light pollution
• C. Human health, economic welfare, quality of life, and valued ecosystem components (VECs)
• D. Corporate reputation, market share, stock price

Answer: (C)

ERA risk categories focus on how environmental changes affect people and the broader system. The items included are human health, economic welfare, quality of life, and valued ecosystem components (VECs). This set captures the main ways risks appear: direct health effects on individuals, the economic impacts on society, overall well-being and daily living, and the components of ecosystems that people value and rely on.

Other items describe specific physical attributes or separate business metrics that aren’t the standard ERA risk categories. Weather, soil type, and construction speed are environmental or project characteristics rather than risk domains. Noise level, odor, and light pollution are particular stressors rather than the overarching risk categories. Corporate reputation, market share, and stock price pertain to business performance rather than environmental risk outcomes.